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ORA-01843: Not a valid month

What it means

The month part of the input does not match the format: wrong mask, wrong NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE for month names, or day and month swapped.

How to fix it

Always pass an explicit mask, and for month names also the language: TO_DATE(s, 'DD-MON-YYYY', 'NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=ENGLISH').

Catch it before it runs

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Reads execution plans and points at the slow step.
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Kindle book with practical PL/SQL for working developers.

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Updated 2026-11-12.